Optimization of Central Composite Design of Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power from Cocoa (Theobroma cacao) Shell using Ultrasound-assisted Technique
Md Yusof A. H1, Abd Gani S. S2, Zaidan U. H3, Halmi M. I. E4, Abdul Wahab N5
1Md Yusof A. H, Malaysia Cocoa Board, Cocoa Innovative and Technology Centre, Lot Nilai Industrial Area, Nilai, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia. Halal Products Research Institue, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Putra Infoport, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
2Abd Gani S. S, Halal Products Research Institue, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Putra Infoport, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia. Department of Agriculture Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Malaysia.
3Zaidan U. H, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
4Halmi M. I. E, Department of Land Management, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
5Abdul Wahab N, Malaysia Cocoa Board, Cocoa Innovative and Technology Centre, Lot Nilai Industrial Area, Nilai, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia.
Manuscript received on 25 June 2019 | Revised Manuscript received on 13 July 2019 | Manuscript Published on 26 July 2019 | PP: 80-85 | Volume-8 Issue-2S2 July 2019 | Retrieval Number: B10150782S219/2019©BEIESP | DOI: 10.35940/ijrte.B1015.0782S219
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© The Authors. Blue Eyes Intelligence Engineering and Sciences Publication (BEIESP). This is an open access article under the CC-BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
Abstract: Cocoa (Theobroma cacao) shell is waste product discarded from the cocoa industry. About 75% of cocoa fruit is waste. Inthe present study, antioxidant assay (ferric reducing antioxidant power) for cocoa shell was optimized by response surface methodology with three factors and five levels of the model. The factorswere set at solvent percentages (70-90%), temperatures (45-65°C), and ultrasound irradiation times (30-60 minutes at a constant frequency of 40 kHz. Optimum conditions were established at 70%, 65°C,and 30 minutes respectively, at a concentration of 1.41±0.01 µmoles/L. The analysis of variance (ANOVA)revealed that the coefficient of determination (R2 ) was 0.9650 at an optimum concentration of1.41±0.01 µmoles/L. Under these conditions, the predicted value was established at1.37, slightly lower than the experimental value. However, the data fit the model with significance at p<0.0001 and lack of fit test at p = 0.5091. The study confirmed that the model equation could be used to predict future observation within the model design range.
Keywords: Antioxidant, Cocoa Shells, Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power, Response Surface Methodology, Ultrasound – Assisted Technique.
Scope of the Article: Composite Materials