Microstructure and Electrical Properties of Low-Voltage Barium Titanate Doped Zinc Oxide Varistor Ceramics
Muhamad Syaizwadi Shaifudin1, Mohd Sabri Mohd Ghazali2, Wan Rafizah Wan Abdullah3, Syara Kassim4, Wan Mohamad Ikhmal Wan Mohamad Kamaruzzaman5
1Muhamad Syaizwadi Shaifudin, Advanced Nano Materials (AnoMa) Research Group, Nano Research Team, Faculty of Science and Marine Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia.
2Mohd Sabri Mohd Ghazali*, Advanced Nano Materials (AnoMa) Research Group, Nano Research Team, Faculty of Science and Marine Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia.
3Wan Rafizah Wan Abdullah, Faculty of Ocean Engineering Technology and Informatics, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia.
4Syara Kassim, Advanced Nano Materials (AnoMa) Research Group, Nano Research Team, Faculty of Science and Marine Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia.
5Wan Mohamad Ikhmal Wan Mohamad Kamaruzzaman, Advanced Nano Materials (AnoMa) Research Group, Nano Research Team, Faculty of Science and Marine Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia.
Manuscript received on November 22, 2019. | Revised Manuscript received on November 28, 2019. | Manuscript published on November 30, 2019. | PP: 2613-2618 | Volume-8 Issue-4, November 2019. | Retrieval Number: D7326118419/2019©BEIESP | DOI: 10.35940/ijrte.D7326.118419
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© The Authors. Blue Eyes Intelligence Engineering and Sciences Publication (BEIESP). This is an open access article under the CC-BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
Abstract: In the present, varistor ceramics through the combination of zinc oxide (ZnO) with a perovskite material have become widespread because of their unique properties for a wide range of applications in electronic protection devices. Low-voltage zinc oxide (ZnO) varistors with fast response and highly nonlinear electrical properties for overvoltage protection in an integrated circuit are increasingly significant in the application of low-voltage electronics. The present study highlights the interaction between barium titanate (BaTiO3) and ZnO varistors through the employment of solid-state reaction method in the production of low-voltage varistors. The effects of BaTiO3 on the microstructure of ZnO varistors were analyzed through scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray analysis spectroscopy (EDS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The EDS analysis and XRD measurements suggest the presence of ZnO and BaTiO3 phases. The electrical properties of BaTiO3-doped ZnO varistors were examined based on the current density-electric field (J-E) characteristics measurement. The varistor properties showed the nonlinear coefficient (α) from 1.8 to 4.8 with the barrier height (φB) ranged from 0.70 to 0.88 eV. The used of BaTiO3 additive in ZnO varistors produced varistor voltages of 4.7 to 14.1 V/mm with the voltage per grain boundary (Vgb) was measured in the ranges 0.03 to 0.05 V. The lowest leakage current density was 348 μA/cm2, obtained at the samples containing 12 wt.% BaTiO3 with high barrier height. The reduction in barrier height with increasing BaTiO3 content was associated with the excessive amount of BaTiO3 phase, hence cause the deterioration of active grain boundary due to the variation of oxygen (O) vacancies in the grain boundary.
Keywords: Low-Voltage, Barium Titanate, Varistors, Zinc Oxide.
Scope of the Article: Properties and Mechanics of Concrete.