Integrating Water-Energy-Nexus in Carbon Footprint Analysis in Water Utility Company
Che Hafizan1, Zainura Zainon Noor2, Norelyza Hussein3, Venmathy Samanaseh4, Ali Hussein Sabeen5, Rafiu Olansukanmi Yusuf6
1Che Hafizan, Environmental Engineering Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Malaysia.
2Zainura Zainon Noor, Environmental Engineering Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Malaysia. and Center of Sustainable Environment and Water Security (IPASA), Research Institute of Sustainable Environment (RISE), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Malaysia.
3Norelyza Hussein, Department of Water and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Malaysia.
4Venmathy Samanaseh, Environmental Engineering Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Malaysia.
5Ali Hussein Sabeen, Environmental Engineering Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Malaysia.
6Rafiu Olansukanmi, Yusuf, Environmental Engineering Research Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria.
Manuscript received on 29 June 2019 | Revised Manuscript received on 11 July 2019 | Manuscript Published on 17 July 2019 | PP: 624-632 | Volume-8 Issue-2S July 2019 | Retrieval Number: B10940782S19/2019©BEIESP
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© The Authors. Blue Eyes Intelligence Engineering and Sciences Publication (BEIESP). This is an open access article under the CC-BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to highlight the water-energy-nexus within the context of carbon footprint methodology and water utility industry. In particular, the carbon management for water utility industry is crucial in reducing carbon emission within the upstream water distribution system. The concept of water-energy nexus alone however can be misleading due to exclusion of indirect and embodied energy involved in the water production. The study highlights the total energy use within water supply system as well as embedded carbon emission through carbon footprint methodology. The case study approach is used as a research method. The carbon footprint analysis includes data collection from water utility company; and data identification of direct and indirect carbon emission from corporation operation. The result indicates that the indirect and embodied energy may not be significant in certain operation area but the energy use may be ambiguous when these elements are excluded. Integrating carbon footprint methodology within the water supply system can improve the understanding on water-energy-nexus when direct and indirect energy use is included in the analysis. This paper aims to benefit academics, government agencies and particularly water utility companies in integrating carbon footprint analysis in water production.
Keywords: Carbon Footprint, Carbon Management, Water-Energy-Nexus, Water Utility Industry.
Scope of the Article: Bio-Science and Bio-Technology